Bite se ku bijyanye n'igikapu cy'impapuro cyakozwe mu kinyejana cya 19?

Bite se ku bijyanye n'igikapu cy'impapuro cyakozwe mu kinyejana cya 19?

Mu kinyejana cya 19, mbere y’uko habaho ubucuruzi bunini, byari ibisanzwe ko abantu bagurira ibicuruzwa byabo byose bya buri munsi mu iduka ry’ibiribwa hafi y’aho bakorera cyangwa batuye. Birababaza kugurisha ibicuruzwa bya buri munsi ku baguzi igice cy’umugati nyuma yo koherezwa mu maduka menshi mu bikapu, mu mifuka y’imyenda cyangwa mu masanduku y’ibiti. Abantu bashoboraga kujya guhaha gusa bafite ibiseke cyangwa imifuka y’imyenda yo mu rugo. Icyo gihe, ibikoresho by’impapuro byari bikiri fibre ya jute n’umutwe w’imyenda ishaje, byari bifite ubuziranenge buke kandi bike, kandi bitashoboraga no guhaza ibyo gucapa ibinyamakuru. Ahagana mu 1844, Umudage Friedrich Kohler yavumbuye uburyo bwo gukora impapuro z’ibiti, bwateje imbere cyane inganda z’impapuro kandi mu buryo butaziguye bwabyaye ubucuruzi bwa mbere.isakoshi y'impapuro z'ubudodomu mateka.

Mu 1852, Francis Waller, umuhanga mu bimera w’Umunyamerika, yavumbuye ubwa mbereisakoshi y'impapuro z'ubudodoimashini ikora, yaje kuzamuka mu Bufaransa, mu Bwongereza no mu bindi bihugu by'i Burayi. Nyuma, havutse plywoodimifuka y'impapuro z'ubudodon'iterambere ryaisakoshi y'impapuro z'ubudodoIkoranabuhanga ryo kudoda ryatumye imifuka y'ipamba yakoreshwaga mu gutwara imizigo myinshi nayo isimburwa naimifuka y'impapuro z'ubudodo.

Iyo bigeze ku ya mbereisakoshi y'impapuro z'umukaraKu bijyanye no guhaha, yavutse mu 1908 i St. Paul, muri Minnesota. Walter Duverna, nyiri iduka ry’ibiribwa ryo muri ako gace, yatangiye gushaka uburyo bwo gutuma abakiriya bagura ibintu byinshi icyarimwe kugira ngo bongere ibicuruzwa. Duverna yatekereje ko ari isakoshi isanzwe ihendutse kandi yoroshye gukoresha kandi ishobora gutwara nibura ibiro 75. Nyuma yo kugerageza kenshi, izaba ifite ubwiza bw’ibikoresho by’iyi sakoshi kuimpapuro z'umukara zikozwe mu giti, kuko ikoresha fibre ndende y’ibiti bya conifer, mu gihe cyo guteka hakoreshejwe chimie itunganya imiti iciriritse ya soda caustic na alcali sulfide, ituma imbaraga za fibre y’umwimerere y’ibiti ziba nke, bityo amaherezo ikozwe mu mpapuro, ifitanye isano rya hafi hagati ya fibre, impapuro zirakomera, zishobora kwihanganira guhangayika no gushyuha cyane nta gucika. Nyuma y’imyaka ine, iya mbereisakoshi y'impapuro z'umukarayakozwe kugira ngo igurirwe. Ifite ishusho y'urukiramende hepfo kandi ifite ingano nini kurusha iya kera ifite ishusho ya Visakoshi y'impapuro z'ubudodoUmugozi unyura hasi no ku mpande z'isakoshi kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo, maze hejuru y'isakoshi hagashyirwaho udukoresho tubiri tworoshye gukurura. Duverna yayise isakoshi yo guhaha ayitirira izina rye kandi ayiha uburenganzira bwo kuyikoresha mu 1915. Icyo gihe, amasakoshi arenga miliyoni imwe ni yo yagurishwaga buri mwaka.

Isura y'umukaraimifuka y'impapuro z'ubudodobyahinduye imyumvire gakondo y'uko ingano y'ibintu bishobora gutwarwa mu ntoki zombi gusa, kandi byatumye abaguzi batagihangayikishwa no kutabyitwaramo, ibyo bikaba bigabanya ibyishimo byo guhaha ubwabyo. Bishobora kuba ari ugukabya kuvuga koisakoshi y'impapuro z'umukarabyazamuye ubucuruzi muri rusange, ariko byibuze byahishuriye abacuruzi ko bidashoboka kumenya umubare w'ibintu abaguzi bazagura kugeza igihe uburambe bwo guhaha buzaba bwiza, butuje kandi bworoshye uko bishoboka kose. Ni yo mpamvu ituma abaje nyuma bashyira agaciro ku burambe bwo guhaha, ndetse bigateza imbere iterambere ry'ibikapu by'amaduka n'imodoka yo guhaha nyuma.

Mu myaka mirongo itanu yakurikiyeho, iterambere ry'umukaraimpapuro z'ubudodo amasakoshi yo guhahaBishobora kuvugwa ko ari nziza, kunoza ibikoresho bituma ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu bukomeza kwiyongera, isura yarushijeho kuba nziza, abakora bacapaga ubwoko bwose bw'ibirango by'ubucuruzi, imiterere ku mifuka y'impapuro z'umukara, mu maduka no mu maduka yo mu mihanda. Kugeza hagati mu kinyejana cya 20, kugaragara kw'imifuka ya pulasitiki yabaye indi mpinduramatwara ikomeye mu mateka y'iterambere ry'imifuka yo guhaha. Ni nto, ikomeye kandi ihendutse kugira ngo igire inyungu nk'iyo umufuka w'impapuro z'umukara wahoze uzwi cyane wagiye ucika. Kuva icyo gihe, imifuka ya pulasitiki yabaye amahitamo ya mbere yo gukoreshwa buri munsi, mu gihe imifuka y'uruhu rw'inka yagiye "isubira inyuma ku murongo wa kabiri".

Amaherezo, ibyari byarangiyeisakoshi y'impapuro z'umukaraishobora gukoreshwa gusa mu izina rya "kwibuka ibihe byashize", "ibidukikije" na "kurinda ibidukikije" ku bicuruzwa bike byo kwita ku ruhu, imyenda n'ibitabo, amajwi n'amashusho apfunyitse.

Ariko imyitwarire yo kurwanya plastiki ku isi yose irimo gusubiza ibitekerezo by'ababungabunga ibidukikije ku bya keraisakoshi y'impapuro z'umukaraKuva mu 2006, McDonald's China yagiye ishyiramo buhoro buhoro ibikoresho bikingiraisakoshi y'impapuro z'umukaraku biryo byo gutwara mu maduka yose, bisimbura ikoreshwa ry'amasashe y'ibiribwa ya pulasitiki. Iyi ntambwe yashimangiwe n'abandi bacuruzi, nka Nike na Adidas, bahoze ari abaguzi bakomeye b'amasashe ya pulasitiki, kandi barimo gusimbuza amasashe yo guhaha ya pulasitiki n'impapuro z'umukara nziza.