Arielle McCain, umushoferi wa Amazon Flex, w'imyaka 24, yatanze ipaki ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2018, i Cambridge, muri Massachusetts. Abakangurambaga ku bidukikije n'impuguke mu by'imyanda bavuga ko amasashe mashya ya pulasitiki ya Amazon, adashobora kongera gukoreshwa mu bisanduku byo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho ku nkengero z'umuhanda, agira ingaruka mbi. (Pat Greenhouse / The Boston Globe)
Mu mwaka ushize, Amazon yagabanyije igice cy'ibicuruzwa byari bipakiye mu dusanduku tw'amakarito, ihitamo amabaruwa yoroheje ya pulasitiki, ibi byatumye iyi kompanyi ikomeye ishyira amapaki menshi mu makamyo n'indege bitwara ibicuruzwa.
Ariko abakangurambaga ku bidukikije n'inzobere mu myanda bavuga ko ubwoko bushya bw'amashashi ya pulasitiki adashobora kongera gukoreshwa mu bisanduku byo kongera gukoreshwa ku nkengero z'umuhanda bigira ingaruka mbi.
“Amapaki ya Amazon afite ibibazo nk’amasashe ya pulasitiki, adashobora gutondekwa mu buryo bwacu bwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho ngo afatirwe mu mashini,” ibi byavuzwe na Lisa Se, umuyobozi wa gahunda mu ishami rishinzwe imyanda ikomeye rya King County, rishinzwe kongera gukoresha ibikoresho mu Karere ka King, muri Washington, aho icyicaro gikuru cya Amazon kiri...” Bisaba imbaraga nyinshi kugira ngo bayace. Bagomba guhagarika imashini.”
Ibihe by'iminsi mikuru biherutse kuba byinshi mu bucuruzi bwa elegitoroniki, bivuze ko ibicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa mu mahanga - bigatuma habaho imyanda myinshi mu gupakira. Nk'urubuga ruri inyuma y'igice cy'ibikorwa byose by'ubucuruzi bwa elegitoroniki mu 2018, Amazon ni yo ikora imyanda myinshi cyane, kandi ikaba ari yo ihindura ibintu, nk'uko bivugwa na eMarketer, bivuze ko kwimukira kwayo mu iposita rya pulasitiki bishobora kugaragaza impinduka mu nganda muri rusange. Abandi bacuruzi bakoresha iposita nk'izo barimo Target, yanze kugira icyo ivuga.
Ikibazo cy'amabaruwa ya pulasitiki kiri mu byiciro bibiri: agomba kongera gukoreshwa ukwayo, kandi iyo arangiye mu buryo busanzwe, ashobora kwangiza uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho no gukumira ko ibikoresho byinshi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Abashinzwe ibidukikije bavuga ko Amazon, ikigo gikomeye mu nganda, gikeneye gukora akazi keza ko gushishikariza abaguzi kongera gukoresha amabaruwa ya pulasitiki, binyuze mu gutanga inyigisho nyinshi n'ahandi hantu ho kubikora.
“Twakomeje gukora cyane kugira ngo tunoze uburyo bwacu bwo gupakira no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu gupakira, kandi twagabanyije imyanda yo gupakira ku isi ku kigero kirenga 20% mu 2018,” uyu ni umuvugizi wa Amazon, Melanie Janin, yongeraho ko Amazon itanga amakuru yo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu gupakira ku rubuga rwayo. (Umuyobozi mukuru wa Amazon, Jeff Bezos, ni we nyiri The Washington Post.)
Bamwe mu bahanga mu myanda bavuga ko intego ya Amazon yo kugabanya ikarito nini ari igikorwa gikwiye. Amabaruwa ya pulasitiki afite inyungu zimwe na zimwe ku bidukikije. Ugereranyije n'amakarito, afata umwanya muto mu makontenari n'amakamyo, ibyo byongera imikorere myiza yo kohereza. Gukora, gukoresha no gutata firime ya pulasitiki bisohora imyuka mike ihumanya ikirere kandi bikoresha amavuta make ugereranyije n'amakarito yasubiwemo, nk'uko byatangajwe na David Allawi, umusesenguzi mukuru wa politiki muri gahunda yo gucunga ibikoresho muri Minisiteri y'Ubuziranenge bw'Ibidukikije ya Oregon.
Plasitike irahendutse kandi irakomeye ku buryo amasosiyete menshi ayikoresha mu gupakira. Ariko abaguzi bakunze gushyira imifuka ya pulasitiki mu gisanduku cyo kongera gukoresha. Impuguke zivuga ko amabaruwa ya pulasitiki yirengagiza kwita ku mashini zo gutondeka no mu mpapuro zishyirwamo imifuka kugira ngo zikoreshwe, bigahumanya ipaki yose, biruta ingaruka nziza zo kugabanya kohereza amakarito menshi. Impapuro zakoreshejwe mu kugurisha ibiciro biri hejuru ku isoko mpuzamahanga kandi zimaze igihe kinini zungukira mu nganda zo kongera gukoresha imyanda. Ariko imifuka iragoye kugurisha—inyinshi zoherezwa mu kongera gukoresha imyanda kubera amategeko akaze mu Bushinwa—ku buryo amasosiyete menshi yo kongera gukoresha imyanda ku nkombe y'Iburengerazuba agomba kuyijugunya. (Gupakira ni imwe mu soko y'umwanda wa pulasitiki uva mu mifuka y'impapuro kugira ngo ikoreshwe.)
“Uko gupakira bigenda birushaho kugorana no koroha, tugomba gutunganya ibikoresho byinshi ku muvuduko muto kugira ngo tubone umusaruro umwe. Ese inyungu irahagije? Igisubizo uyu munsi ni oya,” ibi byavuzwe na Pete Keller, visi perezida ushinzwe kongera gukoresha ibikoresho muri Republic Services., ikigo ni kimwe mu bigo bitwara imyanda myinshi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. “Kubikemura buri munsi bisaba abakozi benshi no kubibungabunga, kandi mu by’ukuri birahenze cyane.”
Mu myaka 10 ishize, Amazon yagabanyije uburyo bwo gupakira ibintu bitari ngombwa, gupakira ibicuruzwa mu dusanduku twabyo tw’umwimerere igihe cyose bishoboka, cyangwa mu mapaki yoroheje ashoboka. Janin wo muri Amazon yavuze ko ikigo cyahinduye uburyo bwo kohereza amabaruwa ya pulasitiki yoroheje mu mwaka ushize nk'igice cy'ingamba zikomeye zo kugabanya imyanda yo gupakira n'ikiguzi cy'imikorere. Janin yanditse ko Amazon "muri iki gihe irimo kwagura ubushobozi bw'amabaruwa ashobora kongera gukoreshwa ashobora kongera gukoreshwa mu buryo bwo kongera gukoresha impapuro."
Imwe muri sosiyete nke za Fortune 500 idatanga raporo y’inshingano z’ikigo cyangwa iy’iterambere ry’imibereho myiza, iyi sosiyete ifite icyicaro i Seattle ivuga ko gahunda yayo yo gupakira "itarimo guhangayika" yagabanyije imyanda yo gupakira ku kigero cya 16% kandi ikuraho icyifuzo cy’amasanduku arenga miliyoni 305 yo kohereza ibicuruzwa. 2017.
“Mu bitekerezo byanjye, kwimukira mu gupakira ibintu byoroshye biterwa n’igiciro n’imikorere, ariko nanone bitewe n’uko ibintu bidafite karuboni nyinshi,” ibi ni ibyavuzwe na Nina Goodrich, umuyobozi wa Sustainable Packaging Alliance. Agenzura ikirango cya How2Recycle, cyatangiye kugaragara ku iposita ya Amazon mu Kuboza 2017, nk’intambwe iganisha ku burezi ku bakoresha.
Ikindi kibazo kiri muri ubwo butumwa bushya bwuzuyemo iplasitike ni uko Amazon n'abandi bacuruzi bashyiraho ibirango by'aderesi z'impapuro, bigatuma zidakoreshwa mu kongera gukoresha, ndetse no mu maduka aho bazana ibicuruzwa. Ibirango bigomba gukurwaho kugira ngo impapuro n'ibindi bikoresho bitandukane kugira ngo ibikoresho bishobore kongera gukoreshwa.
Goodrich yagize ati: “Amasosiyete ashobora gufata ibikoresho byiza akabikora bitazongera gukoreshwa hashingiwe ku birango, kole cyangwa wino.”
Kuri ubu, izi nyandiko za Amazon zuzuyemo iplasitiki zishobora kongera gukoreshwa nyuma yo gukuraho icyapa bakajyana izo nyandiko ahantu hamanuka hanze y’imiyoboro imwe n’imwe. Nyuma yo gusukura, kumisha no kuzihindura polymer, plastiki ishobora gushongeshwa igakorwamo ibiti bivanze byo gupakira. Imijyi ibuza imifuka ya pulasitiki, nk'umujyi wa Seattle, ifite ahantu hake ho gupakira.
Nk’uko Raporo ya Closed-Loop yo mu 2017 ivuga ku bijyanye no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho muri Amerika ibivuga, 4% gusa bya filime ya pulasitiki ikusanyirizwa mu ngo zo muri Amerika ikoreshwa mu buryo bushya binyuze muri gahunda zo gukusanya mu maduka y’ibiribwa n’amaduka manini. Indi 96% ihinduka imyanda, nubwo yajugunywa mu kongera gukoresha ibikoresho ku nkengero z’umuhanda, irangira ijugunywe mu mwobo w’imyanda.
Hari ibihugu bimwe bisaba amasosiyete gufata inshingano zikomeye mu by’imari n’imicungire y’ibicuruzwa byayo nyuma y’uko abaguzi babikoresheje. Muri ubu buryo, amasosiyete yishyurwa hashingiwe ku musaruro w’ibicuruzwa byayo n’impamvu zo gupakira.
Kugira ngo ikurikize inshingano zayo zemewe n'amategeko, Amazon yishyura aya mafaranga mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bitari muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Amazon isanzwe igengwa na sisitemu nk'izo muri Kanada, nk'uko bivugwa n'umuryango udaharanira inyungu wa Canadian Managed Services Alliance, ushyigikira gahunda zo mu ntara.
Mu buryo bunini bw’amategeko yo muri Amerika yo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho, ayo mategeko ntarahabwa agaciro na leta y’igihugu, uretse ibikoresho byihariye, birimo uburozi n’agaciro nk’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga na batiri.
Impuguke zavuze ko amakabati akoreshwa na Amazon kugira ngo abaguzi bayagaruze ashobora kwakira amapaki yakoreshejwe, bongeraho ko Amazon ishobora kwiyemeza kongera gukoresha ayo mapake kugira ngo azakoreshwe mu iposita ryayo mu gihe kizaza.
“Bashobora gukwirakwiza ibikoresho mu buryo bunyuranye, bagasubiza ibikoresho mu buryo bwabo bwo kubikwirakwiza. Ibi bintu byo gukusanya birimo kuba ingenzi cyane ku buryo bworohereza abaguzi,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Scott Cassell, umuyobozi mukuru w’Ikigo gishinzwe gucunga ibicuruzwa, cyakoze ubushakashatsi. Ni ko ikigo cyibanda ku kugabanya ingaruka ku bidukikije z’ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa n’abaguzi.” Ariko bizabatwara amafaranga menshi.”
Igihe cyo kohereza: 29 Mata 2022